International Journal of Plant & Soil Science

The soil microbiome, a complex community of microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, archaea, and protozoa, plays a pivotal role in sustaining plant nutrition and soil health. Through processes such as nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, and symbiotic relationships, soil microorganisms enhance the availability of essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Beneficial microbes such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and mycorrhizal fungi improve plant growth by increasing nutrient uptake, producing growth hormones, and promoting disease resistance. Furthermore, the soil microbiome significantly contributes to soil structure, fertility, and resilience by aiding in soil aggregation, water retention, and stress tolerance. It also plays a critical role in suppressing plant pathogens and improving plant resilience to environmental stresses such as drought and heavy metal contamination. Despite its importance, conventional agricultural practices, including the overuse of chemical inputs and intensive tillage, often disrupt the balance of soil microbial communities, leading to soil degradation. Sustainable agricultural practices that incorporate organic amendments, crop rotations, and reduced chemical inputs are crucial for maintaining a healthy and diverse soil microbiome. This review highlights the essential functions of the soil microbiome in plant nutrition and soil health, emphasizing its potential to promote sustainable agricultural practices and ecosystem resilience.